Nigute ibura rya semiconductor rikugiraho ingaruka?

Ukurikije icyorezo, ikibazo cy’ibibazo n’ibicuruzwa byatanzwe byafunze inganda hafi ya zose, kuva mu nganda kugeza mu bwikorezi.Igicuruzwa kimwe cyingenzi cyangijwe ni semiconductor, ikintu ukoresha umunsi wawe wose, nubwo utabimenya.Mugihe byoroshye kwirengagiza hiccups yinganda, ibura rya semiconductor rikugiraho ingaruka muburyo bwinshi kuruta uko wabitekereza.

Igice cya kabiri ni iki, kandi gikozwe gute?

Semiconductor, izwi kandi nka chip cyangwa microchips, ni uduce duto twa elegitoroniki yakira miliyari za tristoriste muri zo.Transistors yemerera cyangwa yanga electroni zinyuramo.Chip iboneka mubicuruzwa ibihumbi n'ibihumbi nka terefone, koza ibikoresho, ibikoresho byo kwa muganga, ibyogajuru, n'imodoka.Bakora nk "ubwonko" bwa elegitoroniki yacu mukoresha software, gukoresha amakuru, no kugenzura imikorere.
Gukora, chip imwe imara amezi atatu mu musaruro, ikubiyemo intambwe zirenga igihumbi, kandi isaba inganda nini, ibyumba bitarimo ivumbi, imashini ya miriyoni y'amadorari, imashini zashongeshejwe, na lazeri.Iyi nzira irarambiranye cyane kandi ihenze.Kurugero, kugirango dushyire na silikoni mumashini ikora chip, harakenewe ubwiherero-busukuye kuburyo agace k'umukungugu gashobora gutera amamiriyoni yamadorari yubusa.Uruganda rwa chip rukora 24/7, kandi bisaba miliyari 15 z'amadolari yo kubaka uruganda rwinjira-rwinjira kubera ibikoresho kabuhariwe bikenewe.Kugira ngo wirinde gutakaza amafaranga, abakora chip bagomba kwinjiza miliyari 3 z'amadolari y'inyungu muri buri gihingwa.

Icyuma gisukuye icyumba gifite urumuri rwa LED amber.Inguzanyo Ifoto: ABANYESHURI

Kuki habuze ikibazo?

Ibintu byinshi mumwaka ushize nigice byahujwe no gutera ubu buke.Inzira igoye kandi ihenze yo gukora chip nimwe mumpamvu nyamukuru zibura.Kubera iyo mpamvu, ku isi ntihariho inganda nyinshi zikora chip, bityo ikibazo mu ruganda rumwe gitera ingaruka mbi mu nganda.
Nyamara, impamvu nyamukuru itera ubukene irashobora guterwa nicyorezo cya COVID-19.Mbere na mbere, inganda nyinshi zafunzwe mu ntangiriro y’icyorezo, bivuze ko ibikoresho bikenerwa mu gukora chip bitabonetse amezi make.Inganda nyinshi zifitanye isano na chip nko kohereza, gukora, no gutwara abantu byahuye n’ibura ry’abakozi.Byongeye kandi, abaguzi benshi bifuzaga ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bakurikije ingamba zo kuguma mu rugo no ku kazi kuva mu rugo, bigatuma amabwiriza asaba chipi kurunda.
Byongeye kandi, COVID yatumye ibyambu bya Aziya bifunga amezi make.Kubera ko 90% bya elegitoroniki ku isi binyura ku cyambu cya Yantian cyo mu Bushinwa, iri fungwa ryateje ikibazo gikomeye mu kohereza ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’ibice bikenerwa mu gukora chip.

Ingaruka z'umuriro wa Renesas.Inguzanyo y'ifoto: BBC
Niba ibibazo byose bijyanye na COVID bidahagije, ibibazo bitandukanye byikirere byabujije umusaruro.Uruganda rwa Renesas rw’Ubuyapani, rukora hafi ⅓ za chipi zikoreshwa mu modoka, rwangijwe cyane n’umuriro muri Werurwe 2021 kandi ibikorwa ntibyasubiye mu buryo kugeza muri Nyakanga.Imvura y'amahindu muri Texas mu mpera z'umwaka wa 2020 yatumye bimwe muri Amerika bimaze kuba bike mu bimera bya chip bihagarika umusaruro.Ubwanyuma, amapfa akomeye muri Tayiwani mu ntangiriro za 2021, igihugu kiza ku isonga mu gukora chip, byatumye umusaruro ugabanuka kuko umusaruro wa chip usaba amazi menshi.

Ubuke bukugiraho izihe ngaruka?

Ubwinshi bwibicuruzwa byabaguzi birimo ibyuma bya semiconductor bikoreshwa buri munsi bituma uburemere bwibura bugaragara.Ibiciro byibikoresho birashoboka ko bizamuka nibindi bicuruzwa bizatinda.Hari ibigereranyo ko Abanyamerika bakora muri Amerika bazakora byibura imodoka zingana na miliyoni 1.5 kugeza kuri 5 uyu mwaka.Kurugero, Nissan yatangaje ko izakora imodoka 500.000 nkeya kubera kubura chip.General Motors niyo yahagaritse by'agateganyo ibihingwa byayo uko ari bitatu byo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru mu ntangiriro za 2021, ihagarika imodoka ibihumbi n'ibihumbi zuzuye usibye chip zikenewe.

Moteri rusange yarahagaritswe kubera ikibazo cya semiconductor
Inguzanyo y'ifoto: GM
Isosiyete ikora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki yabikaga chip hakiri kare icyorezo kubera kwitonda.Muri Nyakanga, Umuyobozi mukuru wa Apple, Tim Cook, yatangaje ko ibura rya chip rishobora kuzadindiza umusaruro wa iPhone kandi bikaba byaragize ingaruka ku igurishwa rya iPad na Mac.Sony nayo yemeye ko idashobora kugendana nibisabwa PS5 nshya.
Ibikoresho byo murugo nka microwave, koza ibikoresho, hamwe nimashini zo kumesa bimaze gukomera kugura.Ibigo byinshi bikoresha ibikoresho byo murugo nka Electrolux ntibishobora guhaza ibicuruzwa byabo byose.Ibikoresho byurugo byubwenge nkibikoresho byo kumashusho byerekana ibyago nabyo.
Mugihe ikiruhuko cyegereje, hariho kwitondera kudategereza uburyo butandukanye bwa elegitoronike tumenyereye mumyaka isanzwe - imiburo "idafite ububiko" irashobora kuba rusange.Hariho ubushake bwo gutegura mbere kandi ntuteze gutumiza no kwakira ibicuruzwa ako kanya.

Ese ahazaza hake?

Hano hari urumuri kumpera ya tunnel hamwe na semiconductor ibura.Mbere ya byose, COVID-19 gufunga inganda no kubura abakozi bitangiye kugabanuka.Ibigo bikomeye nka TSMC na Samsung byiyemeje kandi miliyari y'amadorari hamwe gushora imari mu bushobozi bwo gutanga amasoko no gutera inkunga abakora chip.
Ikintu gikomeye cyagaragaye muri iki kibazo ni uko hagomba kubaho kugabanuka kwishingikiriza kuri Tayiwani na Koreya yepfo.Kugeza ubu, Amerika ikora hafi 10% ya chip ikoresha, ikongera amafaranga yo kohereza hamwe nigihe hamwe na chip ziva mumahanga.Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, Joe Biden yiyemeje gushyigikira umurenge wa semiconductor hamwe n’umushinga w’amafaranga y’ikoranabuhanga watangijwe muri Kamena utanga miliyari 52 z’amadolari yo gukora chip yo muri Amerika.Intel ikoresha miliyari 20 z'amadolari mu nganda ebyiri nshya muri Arizona.Uruganda rukora icyogajuru n’ikirere CAES ruteganya kwagura abakozi mu mwaka utaha, hibandwa no kubona chip mu bimera byo muri Amerika.
Uku kubura kwatunguye inganda ariko anabimenyesha ibibazo biri imbere hamwe no kwiyongera kw'ibintu bisaba imashanyarazi nyinshi nk'amazu meza n'ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi.Twizere ko izumvira imburi zinganda zikora chip, zikumira ibibazo biri imbere byiyi kaliberi.
Kugirango umenye byinshi kubyerekeranye nigikorwa cya semiconductor, kanda ejo hazaza h'umunsi w'ejo “Semiconductor mu kirere” kuri SCIGo na Discovery GO.
Shakisha Isi Yumusaruro, kandi uvumbure siyanse iri inyuma ya coaster, icyo ukeneye kumenya kubijyanye no gutunganya ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, hanyuma urebe ahazaza hacukurwa amabuye y'agaciro.